Electrification allowed the final major developments in manufacturing methods of the Second Industrial Revolution, namely the assembly line and mass production.[29]. Much of the explosion of economic production in America during the Second Industrial Revolution has been attributed to the expansion of the railroads. "Second industrial revolution" has been used in the popular press and by technologists or industrialists to refer to the changes following the spread of new technology after World War I. Edward Alfred Cowper developed the Cowper stove in 1857. Enormous fortunes had been made by the owners of factories, natural resources . The hot blast technique, in which the hot flue gas from a blast furnace is used to preheat combustion air blown into a blast furnace, was invented and patented by James Beaumont Neilson in 1828 at Wilsontown Ironworks in Scotland. The theoretical and practical basis for the harnessing of electric power was laid by the scientist and experimentalist Michael Faraday. The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history as it hugely impacted the way societies in the world would function in the years to come. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. (2021, December 6). Some argue we are now entering a Fourth Industrial Revolution, in which robotics, artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicles and biotechnology are changing our concepts of both life and consciousness. [69] Control theory was developed to analyze the functioning of centrifugal governors on steam engines. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Practice Identifying Causes & Effects of the Second Industrial Revolution with practice problems and explanations. Collaborating with his cousin, Percy Gilchrist a chemist at the Blaenavon Ironworks, Wales, he patented his process in 1878;[13] Bolckow Vaughan & Co. in Yorkshire was the first company to use his patented process. Other important alloys are used in high temperatures, such as steam turbine blades, and stainless steels for corrosion resistance. [88], Railroads involved complex operations and employed extremely large amounts of capital and ran a more complicated business compared to anything previous. [52], Crop failures no longer resulted in starvation in areas connected to large markets through transport infrastructure.[52]. Major innovations occurred in the post-war era, some of which are: computers, semiconductors, the fiber optic network and the Internet, cellular telephones, combustion turbines (jet engines) and the Green Revolution. Six years later, in 1863, the rail seemed as perfect as ever, although some 700 trains had passed over it daily. Stronger and cheaper to produce, steel soon replaced iron in the building industry. The Major Causes of the Industrial Revolution Include. We discovered that for six weeks they had worked from seven in the morning until nine at night, Addams later wrote, and they were exhausted as well as satiated. The chemical industries also moved to the forefront. In England, he attempted to implement his theories commercially through a fertilizer created by treating phosphate of lime in bone meal with sulfuric acid.
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